 Written by: Vatauomalotetele Fanene
In today's public health landscape, the need for effective violence prevention strategies is more urgent than ever. The Centers for Disease Control/Rape Prevention and Education (CDC/RPE) team is actively engaged in tackling this pressing issue through a series of collaborative webinars with various coalitions. These initiatives aim not only to share valuable knowledge but also to promote innovative approaches and best practices that can address the complex challenges surrounding violence prevention. The upcoming webinars is to provide valuable insights into the complexities surrounding violence prevention, particularly through the lens of accessibility and economic support. This three-part series focuses on the crucial distinction between the availability of resources and their accessibility to those in need. While it is essential for communities to have preventative services in place, the pressing question remains: Are these services truly accessible? The webinars will explore this dichotomy by identifying barriers that impede access and presenting case studies that showcase successful strategies for overcoming these obstacles. Participants will engage in rich discussions aimed at creating environments where preventive measures can function effectively, ultimately contributing to a reduction in violence incidence. 1. Cross Program Webinar: Access vs. Availability - Lessons from the Field 2. Strengthening Economic Supports to Prevent Interpersonal Violence Economic factors have a profound impact on the prevalence of interpersonal violence. This webinar will delve into the ways in which strengthening economic supports for families can mitigate risks associated with sexual and intimate partner violence. By addressing critical issues such as income inequality, unemployment rates, and gender disparities, this session aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of how economic stability can serve as a protective factor against violence. An opportunity to emerge with practical knowledge, including the ability to articulate the “strengthening economic supports” approach, and will be equipped with resources and frameworks for effective implementation. 3. Prevent-Connect Webinars: Institutionalizing LGBTQIA+ Justice in Sexual and Intimate Partner Violence Prevention The need for inclusivity in violence prevention strategies has never been more urgent, particularly for LGBTQIA+ communities. This series will be divided into three sessions that will address the heightened risks faced by LGBTQIA+ youth, who experience significantly higher rates of sexual and dating violence compared to their cisgender and heterosexual peers. The ongoing climate of anti-trans and anti-queer sentiments necessitates a proactive approach to creating safe and supportive environments. This webinar will unite dedicated LGBTQIA+ advocates and activists, emphasizing the importance of uplifting trans joy and inclusion as values integral to the mission of ending sexual and intimate partner violence. These webinars serve as vital platforms for networking and collaboration among coalitions. By sharing insights and experiences, participants can learn from one another, thereby enhancing their capacity to implement effective strategies within their respective communities. The CDC/RPE team recognizes that addressing violence is a complex endeavor that requires a multifaceted approach, and these cross-program initiatives are essential for fostering a collective impact. As we look forward to the upcoming webinars, it is evident that the CDC/RPE team's commitment to violence prevention is resolute. By collaborating with various coalitions and focusing on critical issues such as access, economic supports, and LGBTQIA+ justice, we are not only enhancing our understanding of violence prevention but also paving the way for more inclusive and effective strategies. The journey towards creating safer environments for all is ongoing, and participation in these webinars represents
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 The American Samoa Alliance Against Domestic & Sexual Violence has been awarded funding under the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) Rape Prevention Education (RPE) program for the next four years. This funding represents a significant opportunity for the Alliance to further its mission of preventing sexual violence within the Samoan community by implementing evidence-based strategies and culturally relevant practices. The workplan for the Alliance CDC Team, consisting of Communications Manager Marilyn Ho Ching, Communications Assistant Vatau Fanene, and Executive Director Jennifer Tofaeono, is centered on building the necessary infrastructure to enhance the internal capacity of the program. This will ensure effective facilitation and monitoring of prevention programs, practices, and policies that align with the unique cultural context of American Samoa.
The primary focus for this year is to develop and strengthen bystander intervention programs through the Social Ecological Model (SEM), which considers the various levels of influence on behavior: individual, relationship, community, and societal. The Social Ecological Model serves as a framework that recognizes the interwoven relationship between these factors and provides a comprehensive approach to preventing sexual violence by engaging individuals, fostering positive relationships, and creating supportive community and societal norms. The Alliance is committed to adapting this model to reflect Fa'aSamoa, the Samoan way of life, ensuring that prevention efforts resonate with the community's cultural values and social structures. One of the key strategies under this grant is to create and strengthen bystander intervention programs specifically tailored for the Samoan community and other indigenous populations. Bystander intervention is a critical component of sexual violence prevention, as it empowers individuals to recognize and act upon potentially harmful situations before they escalate into violence. The Alliance will explore and adapt existing bystander intervention models that have been successful in similar cultural contexts. For instance, programs like *Bringing in the Bystander* and *Green Dot*, which have been implemented in various indigenous communities, offer valuable insights into how bystander intervention can be effectively promoted within tight-knit and culturally distinct groups. Over the next few months, the Alliance will focus on conducting or leveraging existing primary prevention capacity assessments with an emphasis on health equity. Health equity in rape prevention education involves ensuring that all individuals, regardless of their socio-economic status, gender, sexual orientation, or cultural background, have equal access to resources, education, and support systems that protect them from sexual violence. In the context of American Samoa, where cultural norms and values heavily influence behavior, understanding and addressing health equity is vital to the success of any prevention effort. To effectively address these issues, the Alliance will conduct interviews with key stakeholders, including community leaders, healthcare providers, educators, and social service agencies. These interviews will assess stakeholders' knowledge and understanding of health equity issues related to rape prevention and identify opportunities for collaboration. Through these discussions, the Alliance aims to uncover gaps in existing programs and resources, as well as cultural barriers that may prevent effective intervention and support. The insights gained will inform the development of tailored strategies that address the specific needs of the Samoan community. Health equity issues in rape prevention education often stem from systemic inequalities that affect access to services and support. In American Samoa, factors such as geographic isolation, limited healthcare infrastructure, and cultural stigmas surrounding sexual violence can exacerbate these inequalities. For instance, Fa'aSamoa places a strong emphasis on family and communal harmony, which can sometimes discourage victims from speaking out against perpetrators, particularly if they are family members or close associates. Moreover, traditional gender roles may also influence how sexual violence is perceived and addressed within the community, potentially hindering the effectiveness of conventional prevention programs. To overcome these challenges, the Alliance's work under the CDC RPE grant will prioritize culturally sensitive approaches that respect and incorporate Samoan values. This includes engaging elders and traditional leaders in prevention efforts, utilizing culturally relevant messaging in educational campaigns, and ensuring that intervention programs are accessible to all members of the community, including those in remote areas. By fostering a deeper understanding of health equity and its impact on rape prevention, the Alliance aims to create a more inclusive and effective response to sexual violence in American Samoa. In conclusion, the CDC Rape Prevention Education grant program provides the American Samoa Alliance Against Domestic & Sexual Violence with a critical opportunity to build capacity and enhance its prevention efforts through culturally informed strategies. By focusing on bystander intervention and addressing health equity issues, the Alliance will work to create a safer and more supportive environment for all members of the Samoan community. As the Alliance moves forward with its workplan, it will continue to engage with stakeholders, assess needs, and develop interventions that align with Fa'aSamoa, ensuring that the community is both empowered and equipped to prevent sexual violence. **Cited References:** 1. Banyard, V. L., Moynihan, M. M., & Plante, E. G. (2007). *Sexual violence prevention through bystander education: An experimental evaluation.* Journal of Community Psychology, 35(4), 463-481. 2. Nation, M., Crusto, C., Wandersman, A., Kumpfer, K. L., Seybolt, D., Morrissey-Kane, E., & Davino, K. (2003). *What works in prevention: Principles of effective prevention programs.* American Psychologist, 58(6-7), 449-456. 3. World Health Organization. (2021). *Health equity and its role in preventing violence against women.* WHO. 4. Wallerstein, N., & Duran, B. (2010). *Community-based participatory research contributions to intervention research: The intersection of science and practice to improve health equity.* American Journal of Public Health, 100(S1), S40-S46.  Written by: Jennifer F Tofaeono, Ex Director Photo downloaded from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoans
The American Samoa Alliance was awarded an additional year thru Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to continue our work thru the Rape Prevention Education (RPE) Program to enhance the capacity for sexual violence prevention across the territory Sexual Assault Coalitions, like the Alliance. In the application for the grant, we talked about our previous approach to asking the community to share their stories regarding sexual assault in their villages and homes. The villages we entered are hot spots where the individuals as described as “poor”, where “parents are on drugs” and sadly the victims are primarily children. According to the participants of the previous CDC RPE Talanoa sessions held in American Samoa June 2023- June 2024, participants stated the lack of education and awareness is the primary cause of sexual violence and absence of effective preventative actions. They cited ineffective communication, culture, environmental instability (unsafe spaces, poverty, etc), stigma and shame and personal characteristics of perpetrators (substance abuse, mental health issues, gender-based power) as risk factors. In this second year of funding the Alliance plans to address issues of health equity facing our population in American Samoa by addressing barriers to language and poverty. Using our Samoan language including language for other ethnic groups who reside in American Samoa (Filipino, Chinese, Tongan, etc), where the Alliance will use online resources to help point victims to resources tailored in their cultural needs and language. We will continue to create community outreach and education to increase prevention about sexual violence and teach prevention strategies to promote healthy relationships and empower individuals to intervene safely. This will be done with the assistance of our Communications Manager, Ms. Marilyn HoChing, Communications Manager, Ms Vatau Fanene and Executive Director, Jennifer Tofaeono. We are excited to have you follow our Alliance Team as continue to gather stories with stakeholders to assess their understanding of health equity issues and identify opportunities for collaboration. We will conduct an equity impact assessment of College Students & Youth groups over the age of 18 to assess its potential impact on students of color, low-income students and Fa’afafine youth. We will continue to build trust and rapport by being transparent and show a genuine commitment to collaboration, as we schedule one on one meetings with stakeholders to discuss their concerns and priorities regarding sexual violence prevention. Our focus will be to work together with partners and the community to strengthen our common goals. Lastly, we will plan 4 meetings with government agencies, community leaders, underserved communities and non-profit organizations to collectively define goals and objectives of the sexual violence prevention initiatives. The next year for CDC Rape Prevention Education thru the Alliance and our local partners will be filled with challenging goals, but we are confident in the ability of the collective community to support this project. We ask that you continue to follow us every month as we update you on this project.  Written by Luana Scanlan For the last 14 years, the American Samoa Alliance Against Domestic and Sexual Violence aka Alliance, has engaged the American Samoan community to build capacity to prevent violence and support survivors of violence. From the building of infrastructure to implement grant-funded programs to community education and outreach, the Alliance has grown its capacity to provide culturally specific training and safe spaces in which to engage with people of all ages. For the last six years, the Alliance conducted evaluation activities to document its processes, monitor implementation, and continuously identify opportunities for improvement. The annual Activity Assessment is disseminated to the Board of Directors, and Staff, and made available on the Alliance’s website. Year after year the evaluation results document significant gains in the scope of the Alliance’s service deliverables, reach via media and community activities, and number of partnerships both local and national. The CDC Rape Prevention Education (RPE) grant is the first of its kind awarded to an entity in the Territory. With these funds, the Alliance successfully completed the first RPE Capacity Assessment of community leadership and partners around sexual violence prevention in the Territory. Sex education is not taught in the local school system. Strongly held religious values and pervasive cultural and social stigma surrounding sex and sexual violence are the main challenges to facilitating discussions on the topic. The Alliance has worked around this by focusing its efforts on community-level change in two areas: improving safety of physical spaces and building partnerships through which prevention activities can be implemented. Using a mixed-methods approach, existing validated survey tools and focus group questions were modified, and implementation protocols were developed with a culturally empathetic and equity-focused lens to incorporate diverse spiritual, physical, and intellectual values, and beliefs. Data was collected, analyzed, and reported (see RPE final report) What does rape prevention look like? In American Samoa, it looks like
The majority of prevention efforts focus on social media messaging and village outreach to youth. Whether we see a downturn in the incidence of sexual violence in American Samoa will depend largely upon the effectiveness of the Alliance’s work with young people. Focus group participants express the need to communicate with their children about sex but are unsure of how. They also feel that as adults it is much more difficult to cross the communication barriers raised by stigma and cultural protocol. Community-informed action steps? The second success of the Assessment is an outline of action steps or recommendations that informants suggest boosting prevention efforts:
RPE is comprehensive, inclusive, and collaborative. Changing attitudes requires time and patience. Successful funding for three years of RPE implementation allows the Alliance to act on the Assessment results.   Written by: Luana Scanlan
The Alliance’s Rape Prevention Education (RPE) Program aims to give people knowledge and skills to prevent sexual violence and provide support to those who may have experienced it in their lives. Sexual violence includes, rape, the threat of rape, attempted rape, sexual harassment, sexual coercion and forced sexual contact. Anyone can be a victim or violator regardless of age, gender, sexuality, ethnicity or ability. Preventing sexual violence requires that we not make assumptions or generalizations about people in our community – our ethnic, church, work, family, friend, and home communities. Each person experiences and thinks about sexual behavior in unique ways. Do not assume. Do not think everyone of a specific gender, religion, ethnicity, etc. is the same. You can practice three behaviors to prevent sexual violence, which means making sure that it never happens in the first place. 1. CONSENT - Maliega e Auai A person gives consent when he/she/they feel free to say how they really feel about something, and without feeling pressured into doing something that they don’t want to do. There are three times in particular, where people may not have the ability to provide consent:
4 steps to consent First, understand what you are comfortable with. Second, ask the person you are with the same thing. It’s best to have direct conversations so that there’s no room for confusion. It can be simple questions like, ‘Are you okay with kissing?’, or ‘Do you feel safe in our being together like this?’ Third, understand what you are comfortable with. Fourth, practice your ‘yes’ and your ‘no’ to build confidence in standing up for what you want. Listening is an important part of consent. When listening be aware of body language as well as what is being said out loud. If someone is saying 'Maybe', 'I’m not sure', starts backing away, is staying really still or being silent they are not saying yes - they are not giving consent. Consent may look and sound like: · Yes! · I really want to... · I want you/this/that · This feels right · I’m okay with this/that Sex without consent is sexual violence…Someone staying silent or saying maybe is not consent. 2. RESPECT – Fa’aaloalo Respect can look different in all the different relationships that we have. First and foremost is respect for yourself – your rights, values, safety. Respect also means never forcing, pressuring or guilting someone into doing something they don’t want to do. Asking for consent is respectful. 3. SUPPORT - Lagolago People heal from sexual violence in different ways and at different speeds. For some people sometimes it is about getting through one day at a time. Supporting those at risk will prevent violence from happening in the first place. Finally, preventing sexual violence involves reporting what you see and experience in ways that you feel do not put you in harm’s way.  Written by: Luana Scanlan
In 2023, the Alliance was blessed with funding from the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) to assess its capacity to design, implement, and evaluate activities to prevent rape and sexual assault. The following are findings from the assessment activities which included community surveys, group and individual talanoa, and reviews of the Alliance’s past activities. The RPE Project documented insufficient availability of sexual violence primary prevention efforts in the community. For example, group and interview participants were given the CDC definition of primary prevention, then asked to describe activities in the community that would meet this definition. Every time this was asked the facilitator/interviewer was met with silence. However, there is evidence of: • sufficient stakeholder commitment to, and knowledge of, primary prevention, • comprehensive understanding of community partnerships and collaboration efforts, • and the need for culturally appropriate primary prevention efforts that incorporate the fa’aSamoa (Samoan worldview and sense of self) and faith-based values. The Assessment produced a summary of the Alliance’s resources to establish effective rape prevention program activities, evaluate the effectiveness of its efforts, coordinate the allocation of resources, and increase Coalition and community readiness to develop and implement primary prevention strategies through training and outreach. Assessment findings include: To ‘a large extent’ the Alliance promotes health equity through its work by encouraging the removal of root causes and conditions of sexual violence. The Alliance collaborates with partners to collect data that identifies appropriate target populations and the needs and challenges experienced by them to ensure cultural competency and inclusion in all its activities. ‘To a large extent’, the Alliance uses data to prioritize planning and implementation, and ‘to a very large extent’ it uses stakeholder feedback to modify its work when challenges are identified. The Alliance’s foundational partnerships, grounded in relationships and purpose, are in place to meet current and future RPE primary prevention and health equity work needs. The Alliance and its partners demonstrate a strong propensity for leadership that incorporates equity and prioritizes primary prevention of sexual violence. The Alliance’s leadership is ‘to a large’ or ‘very large’ extent committed to advancing health equity. One of the greatest challenges that emerged is getting community members to ‘own’ the issues and participate in the planning work towards solutions so that there is trust in the process and value in the partnerships that are forged. In 2024, the Alliance modified its mission to become more inclusive by restating the target population as ‘all individuals and communities in American Samoa’ replacing the prior description of ‘American Samoans’. By widening its scope and welcoming all communities to participate, the Alliance can work towards co-creating a larger proverbial ‘table’ to seat more members, and include diverse interests and perspectives.  Written by Luana Scanlan In 2023, the Alliance was blessed with funding from the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) to assess its capacity to design, implement, and evaluate activities to prevent rape and sexual assault. The following are findings from the assessment activities which included community surveys, group and individual talanoa, and reviews of the Alliance’s past activities. The RPE Project documented insufficient availability of sexual violence primary prevention efforts in the community. For example, group and interview participants were given the CDC definition of primary prevention, then asked to describe activities in the community that would meet this definition. Every time this was asked the facilitator/interviewer was met with silence. However, there is evidence of: • sufficient stakeholder commitment to, and knowledge of, primary prevention, • comprehensive understanding of community partnerships and collaboration efforts, • and the need for culturally appropriate primary prevention efforts that incorporate the fa’aSamoa (Samoan worldview and sense of self) and faith-based values. The Assessment produced a summary of the Alliance’s resources to establish effective rape prevention program activities, evaluate the effectiveness of its efforts, coordinate the allocation of resources, and increase Coalition and community readiness to develop and implement primary prevention strategies through training and outreach. Assessment findings include: To ‘a large extent’ the Alliance promotes health equity through its work by encouraging the removal of root causes and conditions of sexual violence. The Alliance collaborates with partners to collect data that identifies appropriate target populations and the needs and challenges experienced by them to ensure cultural competency and inclusion in all its activities. ‘To a large extent’, the Alliance uses data to prioritize planning and implementation, and ‘to a very large extent’ it uses stakeholder feedback to modify its work when challenges are identified. The Alliance’s foundational partnerships, grounded in relationships and purpose, are in place to meet current and future RPE primary prevention and health equity work needs. The Alliance and its partners demonstrate a strong propensity for leadership that incorporates equity and prioritizes primary prevention of sexual violence. The Alliance’s leadership is ‘to a large’ or ‘very large’ extent committed to advancing health equity. One of the greatest challenges that emerged is getting community members to ‘own’ the issues and participate in the planning work towards solutions so that there is trust in the process and value in the partnerships that are forged. In 2024, the Alliance modified its mission to become more inclusive by restating the target population as ‘all individuals and communities in American Samoa’ replacing the prior description of ‘American Samoans’. By widening its scope and welcoming all communities to participate, the Alliance can work towards co-creating a larger proverbial ‘table’ to seat more members, and include diverse interests and perspectives.  Written by: Luana Scanlan In 2023, the Alliance was blessed with funding from the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) to assess its capacity to design, implement, and evaluate activities to prevent rape and sexual assault. The following are findings from the assessment activities which included community surveys, group and individual talanoa, and reviews of the Alliance’s past activities. The RPE Project documented insufficient availability of sexual violence primary prevention efforts in the community. For example, group and interview participants were given the CDC definition of primary prevention, then asked to describe activities in the community that would meet this definition. Every time this was asked the facilitator/interviewer was met with silence. However, there is evidence of: • sufficient stakeholder commitment to, and knowledge of, primary prevention, • comprehensive understanding of community partnerships and collaboration efforts, and the need for culturally appropriate primary prevention efforts that incorporate the fa'aSamoa (Samoan worldview and sense of self) and faith-based values. The Assessment produced a summary of the Alliance’s resources to establish effective rape prevention program activities, evaluate the effectiveness of its efforts, coordinate the allocation of resources, and increase Coalition and community readiness to develop and implement primary prevention strategies through training and outreach. Assessment findings include: To ‘a large extent’ the Alliance promotes health equity through its work by encouraging the removal of root causes and conditions of sexual violence. The Alliance collaborates with partners to collect data that identifies appropriate target populations and the needs and challenges experienced by them to ensure cultural competency and inclusion in all its activities. ‘To a large extent’, the Alliance uses data to prioritize planning and implementation, and ‘to a very large extent’ it uses stakeholder feedback to modify its work when challenges are identified. The Alliance’s foundational partnerships, grounded in relationships and purpose, are in place to meet current and future RPE primary prevention and health equity work needs. The Alliance and its partners demonstrate a strong propensity for leadership that incorporates equity and prioritizes primary prevention of sexual violence. The Alliance’s leadership is ‘to a large’ or ‘very large’ extent committed to advancing health equity. One of the greatest challenges that emerged is getting community members to ‘own’ the issues and participate in the planning work towards solutions so that there is trust in the process and value in the partnerships that are forged. In 2024, the Alliance modified its mission to become more inclusive by restating the target population as ‘all individuals and communities in American Samoa’ replacing the prior description of ‘American Samoans’. By widening its scope and welcoming all communities to participate, the Alliance can work towards co-creating a larger proverbial ‘table’ to seat more members, and include diverse interests and perspectives.  Written by: Luana Scanlan
How the Alliance is Developing Primary Prevention for Our Community Connecting with the community is the Alliance’s main strategy for all of its prevention efforts. ‘Connecting’ involves showing up to our partners’ events, building relationships that support our mutual goals, and above all . . . listening. With purpose and authenticity In this process of connecting, we come to understand shared risk and protective factors of violence in all its forms. While the root cause of violence may be power of one over another, there are, as we have learned from our community members, many factors that shape what power looks like and how it is wielded. These factors include one’s culture, level of education and worldly experience, social status, one’s values and how one is raised as a child, among many others. Community connectedness is a shared protective factor that could have a broad impact on violence in the community. One form of violence, for example, bullying, can increase families’ and individuals’ risk for domestic violence. A community that has a zero-tolerance for violence, whose members watch out for each other, and who step in to protect potential victims can help the Alliance to develop services and strategies that would have the widest impact. In our interviews with community members, we have learned that while violence has no boundaries, there are ‘hot spots’ in some villages. These areas are described as “poor”, “young parents on drugs”, “druggies living in rented houses”, and sadly, the victims are primarily the children. While the village around them functions, these areas are known to the community and avoided. These individuals and their community are dis-connected. Preventing violence involves engagement through communication, not avoidance. And a key principle of this approach is cultural competency. Knowing the situation, it is important to connect through communication within the context of the unique views, values, and ways of doing things in a community. Listening to the community is how we learn to communicate in a culturally competent way. Simply translating education materials into a different language does not constitute a culturally appropriate or relevant strategy as it does not address the different ways communities talk and think about violence. Nor does it reach those who need the help the most. Every intervention the Alliance implements involves connecting with the community by . . .
 Written by: Luana Scanlan
According to the National Sexual Violence Resource Center, there are five damaging social customs or norms linked to the sexual violence normalized in rape culture[1]:
Through social norming people, regardless of gender, are made to feel as though they have a responsibility, but not the power, to avoid being sexually violated. Norms may support the idea that only men are the perpetrators, that they cannot be victims, and that because sexual behavior is associated with male character (strong, masculine, etc.) they cannot be held responsible for their actions – it’s just ‘in their nature’. Because the narrative has been controlled by men their voices set the norm. Consequently, rape culture empowers the rapists and averts perpetrator accountability through victim blaming and negative stigma linked to sex and individual behaviors. In these ways victims become fearful of not being believed: the impact it will have on their families, the reflection it will have on their loved ones. A victim may not even realize that the act is criminal. The concept of rape within a marital relationship is still foreign to many people who believe that sex is a husband’s “right”. Rape culture objectifies and oppresses all people and in doing so prevents a society from engaging in democratic, equitable conversations about rape prevention. For example, 47% of bisexual men and 40% of gay men have experienced some form of sexual violence in their lifetime[2]. Yet, the visual of a rape victim continues to center on a young woman. Only recently have social messaging promoted the ideas that gender roles and sexual preferences do not determine vulnerability, or that rape is really about power not sex. The impact of rape culture is evidenced by the acceptance of sexist jokes, prevalence of music and videos that objectify women, the discounting of victims’ experiences and rights, the lack of effective deterrents such as enforcement of laws criminalizing sex acts including assault and harassment. The complex interrelated factors that perpetuate rape culture also support other forms of violence and inequity. In our next article we’ll review culturally based risk and protective factors that impact the incidence and prevalence of sexual violence. [1] Davis, R., et al., (2010). Sexual violence and the spectrum of prevention: Towards a community solution. www.nsvrc.org [2] Walters, M. L., Chen J., & Breiding, M. J. (2013). The National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey (NISVS): 2010 Findings on Victimization by Sexual Orientation. Atlanta, GA: National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. |
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